For ur information and interpret with CARE.
Italic and highlight is mine. No study is done on ClO2 consumption on human.
Subchronic sodium chlorate exposure in drinking water results in a concentration-dependent increase in rat thyroid follicular cell hyperplasia
Author(s): Hooth MJ, DeAngelo AB, George MH, Gaillard ET, Travlos GS, Boorman GA, Wolf DC
Source: TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY Volume: 29 Issue: 2 Pages: 250-259 Published: MAR-APR 2001
Times Cited: 17 References: 48 Citation Map
Abstract: Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is an effective drinking water disinfectant, but sodium chlorate (NaClO3) has been identified a.,, a potentially harmful disinfection by-product. Studies were performed to describe the development of thyroid lesions in animals exposed to NAClO(3) in the drinking water. Male and female F344 rats and B6C3F(1) mice were exposed to 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5. 1.0, or 2.0 g/L NaClO3 for 21 days. Additional male F344 rats were exposed to 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, or 2.0 g/L NaClO3 for 90 days. Female F344 rats were exposed to 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, or 6.0 g/L of NaClO3 for 105 days. Thyroid tissues were processed by routine methods for light microscopic examination, and follicular cell hyperplasia was diagnosed using a novel method. Thyroid hormone levels were altered significantly after 4 and 21 days. NaClO3 treatment induced a concentration-dependent increase in the incidence and severity of thyroid follicular cell hyperplasia. Male rats are more sensitive to the effects of NaClO3 treatment than females. Follicular cell hyperplasia was not present in male or female B6C3F(1), mice. These
data can be used to estimate the human health risk that Would be associated with using ClO2, rather than chlorine, to disinfect drinking water.
Study on subchronic toxicity of chlorine dioxide and by-products in water
Author(s): Xia QD (Xia Qingdong), Zhang GM (Zhang Guangming), Wang L (Wang Li)
Source: JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Volume: 41 Issue: 7 Pages: 1347-1353 Published: JUL 2006
Times Cited: 0 References: 5 Citation Map
Conference Information: 4th International Conferene Watershed Management
Shenzhen, PEOPLES R CHINA, DEC 13-14, 2004
Res Ctr Environm Engn & Management; Tsinghua Univ, Shenzhen Grad Sch; Univ Virgina, Civil Engn Dept; Shenzhen Water Affairs Bureau; Shenzhen Water Grp Inc; US Environm Protect Agcy, Urban Watershed Management Branch; Environm & Water Resources Inst; Amer Soc Civil Engn; Black & Veatch Holding Co
Abstract: Subchronic toxicity of the mixture of ClO2 , ClO2- and ClO3- in water on rat was studied through feeding test for 90 days. Statistical analyses of variance on weight gained, food utilization efficiency, indexes of blood and serum, liver/bodyweight and kidney/bodyweight ratios, and histopathological examination on liver and kidney were carried out.
The results showed that solution of ClO2 and its by-products ClO2- and ClO3- at a concentration of 553 mg/L was not toxic.
Thyroid function of newborns and exposure to chlorine dioxide by-products
Author(s): Ouhoummane N, Levallois P, Gingras S
Source: ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH Volume: 59 Issue: 11 Pages: 582-587 Published: NOV 2004
Times Cited: 0 References: 28 Citation Map
Abstract: In this study, the authors compared thyroid function of newborns from 11 municipalities where drinking water was disinfected by chlorine dioxide (ClO2) with that of newborns from 15 municipalities using chlorine disinfection. They estimated the mean neonatal blood thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and proportion of congenital hypothyroidism cases using the results of the Quebec neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism for 32,978 newborns over the period 1993-1999. There was no significant increase in the TSH level and no excess of congenital hypothyroidism when all newborns exposed to ClO2 were considered.
However, for newborns with low birth weight, mean TSH level was significantly higher among those exposed to ClO2 than for those in the reference group.
A randomized double blind crossover placebo-controlled clinical trial to assess the effects of a mouthwash containing chlorine dioxide on oral malodor
Author(s): Shinada K (Shinada, Kayoko)1, Ueno M (Ueno, Masayuki)1, Konishi C (Konishi, Chisato)1, Takehara S (Takehara, Sachiko)1, Yokoyama S (Yokoyama, Sayaka)1, Kawaguchi Y (Kawaguchi, Yoko)1
Source: TRIALS Volume: 9 Article Number: 71 Published: DEC 9 2008
Times Cited: 0 References: 43 Citation Map
Abstract: Background: Previous research has shown the oxidizing properties and microbiological efficacies of chlorine dioxide (ClO2), however, its clinical efficacies on oral malodor have been evaluated only with organoleptic measurements (OM) or sulphide monitors. No clinical studies have investigated the inhibitory effects of ClO2 on volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) using gas chromatography (GC). The aim of this study was to assess the inhibitory effects of a mouthwash containing ClO2 on morning oral malodor using OM and GC.
Methods: A randomized, double blind, crossover, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted among 15 healthy male volunteers, who were divided into 2 groups. In the first test phase, the group 1 subjects (N =
were instructed to rinse with the experimental mouthwash containing ClO2, and those in group 2 (N = 7) to rinse with the placebo mouthwash without ClO2. In the second test, phase after a one week washout period, each group used the opposite mouthwash.
Oral malodor was evaluated before rinsing, right after rinsing and every 30 minutes up to 4 hours with OM, and concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) and dimethyl sulfide ((CH3)(2)S), the main VSCs of human oral malodor, were evaluated with GC.
Results: The baseline oral condition in the subjects in the 2 groups did not differ significantly. The mouthwash containing ClO2 improved morning bad breath according to OM and reduced concentrations of H2S, CH3SH and (CH3)(2)S according to GC up to 4 hours after rinsing. OM scores with ClO2 were significantly lower than those without ClO2 at all examination times. Significant reductions in the concentrations of the three kinds of VSCs measured by GC were also evident at all examination times. The concentrations of the three gases with ClO2 were significantly lower than those without ClO2 at most examination times.
Conclusion: In this explorative study, ClO2 mouthwash was effective at reducing morning malodor for 4 hours when used by healthy subjects.
Trial registration: Clinical Trials. gov NCT00655772
Protective effect of low-concentration chlorine dioxide gas against influenza A virus infection
Author(s): Ogata N (Ogata, Norio)1, Shibata T (Shibata, Takashi)1
Source: JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume: 89 Pages: 60-67 Part: Part 1 Published: JAN 2008
Times Cited: 0 References: 39 Citation Map
Abstract: Influenza virus infection is one of the major causes of human morbidity and mortality. Between humans, this virus spreads mostly via aerosols excreted from the respiratory system. Current means of prevention of influenza virus infection are not entirely satisfactory because of their limited efficacy. Safe and effective preventive measures against pandemic influenza are greatly needed. We demonstrate that infection of mice induced by aerosols of influenza A virus was prevented by chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas at an extremely low concentration
(below the long-term permissible exposure level to humans, namely 0.1 p.p.m.). Mice in semi-closed cages were exposed to aerosols of influenza A virus (1 LD50) and ClO2 gas (0.03 p.p.m.) simultaneously for 15 min. Three days after exposure, pulmonary virus titre (TCID50) was 10(2.6 +/- 1.5) in five mice treated with ClO2, whilst it was 10(6.7 +/- 0.2) in five mice that had not been treated (P=0.003). Cumulative mortality after 16 days was 0/10 mice treated with ClO2 and 7/10 mice that had not been treated (P=0.002). In in vitro experiments, ClO2 denatured viral envelope proteins (haemagglutinin and neuraminidase) that are indispensable for infectivity of the virus, and abolished infectivity. Taken together, we conclude that ClO2 gas is effective at preventing aerosol-induced influenza virus infection in mice by denaturing viral envelope proteins at a concentration well below the permissible exposure level to humans. ClO2 gas could therefore be useful as a preventive means against influenza in places of human activity without necessitating evacuation.